Narration Full Sheet by Showrav Sir
We will learn Narration by 3 steps -
Basic Discussion
Sentence Narration
Passage Narration
Basic Discussion :
◼◻ Narration/Speech মনে উক্তি। একজন বক্তার বক্তব্য ব্যক্ত করার উপায়কে Narration/Speech বলে।
Narration/Speech দুই প্রকার -
Direct Speech ( প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি )
Indirect Speech ( পরোক্ষ উক্তি )
◽◾ Direct Speech - বক্তার দ্বারা বলা হুবহু বক্তব্য যা সে নিজের মুখ দিয়ে বলে তা হলো Direct Speech.
◽◾ Indirect Speech - বক্তার বক্তব্যের সারাংশ যা অন্য কেউ তার মত করে বলে তখন তা Indirect Speech.
এটাতো গেলো Narration এর ভাষাগত পরিচয়। কিন্তু Narration ভালোভাবে শিখতে হলে নিম্নোক্ত ছয়টি টপিক ভালোভাবে বুঝতে হবে -
Reporting Verb & Reported Speech
Basic Sentence Structure
Tense Changing
Person Changing
Subject-Objective-Possessive
Adverbial Phrases
1. Reporting Verb & Reported Speech :
Direct Speech এর দুইটি অংশ থাকে। একটিকে Reporting Verb এবং অন্যটিকে Reported Speech বলে।
▫ Inverted Comma এর বাহিরের Verb কে বলে Reporting Verb.
▫ Inverted Comma এর ভিতরের Sentence কে বলে Reported Speech.
Ex.
He said to me, “You are involved in this matter.”
2. Basic Sentence Structure :
3. Tense Changing :
4. Person Changing :
1st Person - আমি, আমরা ( I, We ) ( me, my, mine, myself, we, us, our )
2nd Person - তুমি ( You ) ( your, yours, yourself, yourselves )
3rd Person - আমি & তুমি ব্যতীত যেকোনো নাম ( He, She, They, it…)
Ex.
He said to me, “I am with you.”
» He told me that he was with me.
He said to me, “You are like me.”
» He told me that I was like him.
She said to me, “She is ready to help you.”
» She told me that she was ready to do it.
Note:
1st Person ➛ Subject কে অনুসরণ করে।
22d Person ➛ Object কে অনুসরণ করে।
3rd Person ➛ কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
5. Subject-Objective-Possessive :
6. Adverbial Phrase Changing :
Sentence Narration :
Assertive Sentence
R1:
Reporting Verb এর পর Object না থাকলে :
⌖ Indirect Speech এ “Said” অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে +
⌖ Inverted Comma উঠে that বসবে +
⌖ Person ও Tense পরিবর্তন হবে + Extension (অতিরিক্ত অংশ) বসবে।
Ex.
Direct : Rafsan said, “I am reading a story book now.”
Indirect : Rafsan said that he was reading a story book then.
R2:
Reporting Verb এর পর Object থাকলে :
⌖ said to এর পরিবর্তে told ব্যবহৃত হবে +
⌖ Inverted Comma উঠে that বসবে +
⌖ Person ও Tense পরিবর্তন হবে + Extension (অতিরিক্ত অংশ) বসবে
Ex.
Direct : He said to me, “You are a good person.”
Indirect : He told me that I was a good person.
R3:
Reporting Verb এর Tense যদি Present বা Future (say/says/will say) হয় তবে Reported Speech এর Verb এর Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না।
Ex.
Direct : Emma says, “I didn't break the glass.”
Indirect : Emma says that she didn't break the glass.
Direct : He will say to her, “I will marry you next Friday.”
Indirect : He will say to her that he will marry her next Friday.
R4:
Reported Speech চিরন্তন সত্য হলে Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। শুধু Inverted Comma উঠে that বসে।
Ex.
Direct : Teacher said to the students,“The earth moves round the sun.”
Indirect : Teacher said to the students that the earth moves round the sun.
R5:
Reported Speech এ “Must” থাকলে এর পরিবর্তে had to বসে।
কিন্তু Must দ্বারা যদি চিরন্তন সত্য বোঝায় তাহলে এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না।
Ex.
Direct : Captain said to the soldiers, “You must attend the Fire Camp in time.”
Indirect : Captain told the soldiers that they had to attend the Fire Camp in time.
Direct : The Prophet said, “Man must die one day.”
Indirect : The Prophet said that man must die one day.
Interrogative Sentence
R1:
⌖ Reporting Verb উঠে ask/asked বসবে।
⌖ Reported Speech এ Wh-Question word না থাকলে Inverted Comma উঠে এর পরিবর্তে if/weather বসবে।
⌖ Reported Speech এ Wh-Question word থাকলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।
Ex.
Direct : He said to me, “Do you want a Teddy Bear?”
Indirect : She asked me if I wanted a Teddy Bear.
Direct : Fardeen said to me, “Where did you go yesterday?”
Indirect : Fardeen asked me where I had gone the previous day.
Imperative Sentence
R1:
Imperative Sentence এ Reporting Verb “said/said to” এর পরিবর্তে -
⌖ অনুরোধ বোঝালে - requested
⌖ আদেশ বোঝালে - ordered/commanded
⌖ উপদেশ বোঝালে - advised
⌖ নিষেধ বোঝালে - forbade
⌖ ক্ষমা বোঝালে - begged বসে
এরপর, Inverted Comma উঠে to বসে + Verb এর Present Form + Extension ( অতিরিক্ত অংশ )
Ex.
Direct : Father said to me, “Open the window.”
Indirect : Father ordered me to open the window.
R2:
Imperative Sentence টি Negative হলে -
✈ to এর পরিবর্তে not to বসে।
✈ কিন্তু forbade লিখলে not to বসে না।
Ex.
Direct : Mother said to me, “Do not run in the sun.”
Indirect : Mother ordered me not to run in the sun.
or, Mother forbade me to run in the sun.
R3:
Reported Speech এ let এর পরে us/let's থাকলে :
⌖ Let's বা let us এর পরিবর্তে proposed to বা suggested বসবে
⌖ Inverted Comma উঠে that বসবে
⌖ They/we এর সাথে should বসবে
⌖ Main verb থেকে Extension পর্যন্ত বসবে।
Ex.
Direct : Rafsan said to us, “Let's go for a walk.”
Indirect : Rafsan proposed to us that we should go for a walk.
Note: Reporting Verb এর আগে ও পরে I/me/we/us থাকলে সাবজেক্ট We হয়, বাকি ক্ষেত্রে They হয়।
Ex.
Direct : Rafsan said to me, “Let's go for a long drive.”
Indirect : Rafsan proposed to me that we should go for a long drive.
R4:
Reported Speech এ Let এর পরে me/him/her/them ইত্যাদি থাকলে -
⌖ Said to এর পরিবর্তে told বসবে
⌖ Inverted Comma এর পরিবর্তে that বসবে
⌖ Let এর পরে me/him/her/them এর সাথে might বসবে
⌖ Verb এর Present Form + Extension (অতিরিক্ত অংশ)
Ex.
Direct : He said to me, “Let me try it again.”
Indirect : He told me that he might try it again.
Optative Sentence
R1:
Optative Sentence এ -
⌖ Inverted Comma উঠে that বসবে
⌖ say / says/ said to এর পরিবর্তে wish/ wishes/ wished or pray/prays/prayed ⌖ বসবে Reported Speech এর Subject + might
⌖ Verb এর Present Form + Extension (অতিরিক্ত অংশ)
Ex.
Direct : Rahat said to me, “May you be happy.”
Indirect : Rahat prayed that I might be happy.
R2:
এছাড়াও Optative Sentence এ -
⌖ Would that থাকলে - Wished/Prayed
⌖ Good Morning/Evening থাকলে - Wished
⌖ Good Night/Good Bye থাকলে - Bade
⌖ কারো জন্য নেতিবাচক প্রার্থনা করলে - Cursed ব্যবহার করবো।
Ex.
Direct : He said, “Would that I were young again.”
Indirect : He prayed that he would be young again.
Direct : He said, “Good Evening teacher.”
Indirect : He wished good evening to the teacher.
Direct : He said to me, “Good Night.”
Indirect : He bade me good night.
Direct : She said to her neighbour, “May you die soon.”
Indirect : She cursed her neighbour that he/she might die soon.
Exclamatory Sentence
R1:
Exclamatory Sentence এ Reporting Verb Indirect Speech এ পরিবর্তিত হবে নিম্নলিখিত উপায়ে -
⌖ আনন্দ বোঝাতে - exclaim with joy/rejoice
⌖ দুঃখ বোঝাতে - exclaim with sorrow/grief বা cried out in sorrow
⌖ শুভেচ্ছা বোঝাতে - wish
⌖ বিস্ময় বোঝাতে - exclaim with surprise
⌖ তাৎক্ষনিক আবেগ বোঝাতে - exclaim with wonder
Ex.
Direct : He said, “Hurrah! we have won the league.”
Indirect : He exclaimed with joy that they had won the league.
R2:
Reported Speech যদি How/What দ্বারা শুরু হয় -
⌖ প্রথমে Reported Speech এর Subject + Verb বসে, তারপর
⌖ ঐ বাক্যে যদি একটি Adjective থাকে তবে very বসে
⌖ ঐ বাক্যে যদি Adjective না থেকে Noun থাকে তবে great বসে।
Ex.
Direct : He said, “How beautiful the sky is!”
Indirect : He exclaimed with surprise that the sky was very beautiful.
Direct : He said, “What a fool you are!”
Indirect : He exclaimed with wonder that you were a great fool.
How to Solve Passage Narration
R1:
সর্বপ্রথম, Passage টি A to Z ভালোভাবে পড়ে Context (প্রসঙ্গ) বুঝে Speaker (বক্তা) এবং Listener (শ্রোতা) খুঁজে বের করতে হবে।
R2:
Reporting Verb টি মাঝে বা শেষে যেখানেই থাকুক না কেন, Indirect করার সময় তাকে Sentence এর শুরুতে নিয়ে আসতে হবে। যেমন :
Direct : “Your behaviour is impressive.” Nafisa said to the doctor.
Indirect : Nafisa told the doctor that his behaviour was impressive.
R3:
Inverted Comma এর ভিতরে পরপর দুটি বা তিনটি উক্তি থাকলে :
Assertive Sentence :
Subject + ( added that / also said that / again said that / further told) ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
Interrogative Sentence :
Subject + (also asked / again asked) ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
Imperative Sentence :
Subject + (also advised / again advised)
Ex.
Direct : He said to me, “I need your help. I will help you in future. Will you be able to help me?”
Indirect : He told me that he needed my help. He also said/added that he will help me in future. He also asked me if I would be able to help him.
Note : একই প্রকারের Sentence এ পরপর দুইটি Speech “and” দ্বারা যুক্ত করাই উত্তম। এক্ষেত্রে Reporting Verb টি পুনরায় লেখার দরকার নেই।
Some Extra Information
কিছু অতিরিক্ত তথ্য
Yes = replied in the affirmative and said that…
No = replied in the negative and said that…
Dear friend/brother/sister = Addressing + object + as Dear friend/brother/sister অথবা
Addressing as Dear friend/brother/sister
Sir/Madam = Addressing as Sir/Madam অথবা
respectfully/politely + reporting verb
Sure = Giving assurance, (he said/told that…)
By Allah/God = Swearing by Allah/God
Thank you = Thank (ed)
Hi/Hello = Greet(ed)
Good Morning/Afternoon/evening = wish(ed) + good Morning/Afternoon/evening
Happy Birthday/Anniversary/New year = wish(ed) + Happy Birthday/Anniversary/New
Bye/Good bye/Good night = bid (bade)
Sorry = Apologise
Excuse me = Seeking an excuse / drawing attention
