Sentence Narration এবং Passage Narration এর Rules বাংলায়

We will learn Narration by 3 steps -

1. Basic Discussion

2. Sentence Narration

3. Passage Narration

Basic Discussion :

◼◻ Narration/Speech মনে উক্তি। একজন বক্তার বক্তব্য ব্যক্ত করার উপায়কে Narration/Speech বলে।

Narration/Speech দুই প্রকার -

    1. Direct Speech ( প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি ) 

    2. Indirect Speech ( পরোক্ষ উক্তি )

◽◾ Direct Speech - বক্তার দ্বারা বলা হুবহু বক্তব্য যা সে নিজের মুখ দিয়ে বলে তা হলো Direct Speech. 

◽◾ Indirect Speech - বক্তার বক্তব্যের সারাংশ যা অন্য কেউ তার মত করে বলে তখন তা Indirect Speech.

🔼এটাতো গেলো Narration এর ভাষাগত পরিচয়। কিন্তু Narration ভালোভাবে শিখতে হলে নিম্নোক্ত ছয়টি টপিক ভালোভাবে বুঝতে হবে -

1. Reporting Verb & Reported Speech

2. Basic Sentence Structure

3. Tense Changing

4. Person Changing

5. Subject-Objective-Possessive 

6. Adverbial Phrases

1. Reporting Verb & Reported Speech :

Direct Speech এর দুইটি অংশ থাকে। একটিকে Reporting Verb এবং অন্যটিকে Reported Speech বলে ।

    ▫ Inverted Comma এর বাহিরের Verb কে বলে Reporting Verb. 

    ▫ Inverted Comma এর ভিতরের Sentence কে বলে Reported Speech.

Ex. 

He said to me, "You are involved in this matter."

2. Basic Sentence Structure :

Sentence	Reporting Verb	Reported Speech
Assertive	S+V+O	"Sub+Verb+Obj."
Interrogative	S+V+O	"Sub+Verb+Obj?"
Imperative	S+V+O	"Verb/Let..."
Optative	S+V+O	"May/Long…"
Exclamatory	S+V+O	"....!............"

3. Tense Changing

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Present Indefinite - v+ s/es	Past Indefinite - v2nd
Present Continues - am/is/are+ v(ing)	Past Continues - was/were+ v(ing)
Present Perfect - have/has+ v3rd	Past Perfect - had+ v3rd
Past Indefinite - v2nd	Past Perfect - had+ v3rd
Past Continues - was/were+ v(ing)	Past Perfect Continues -had been+ing
Past Perfect - had+ v3rd	Past Perfect - had+ v3rd
Future Indefinite - shall/will	Future in the past - should/would
Madal Verbs - can/may/must	Could/might/had to*

4. Person Changing

1st Person - আমি, আমরা ( I, We ) 

2nd Person - তুমি ( You ) 

3rd Person - আমি & তুমি ব্যতীত যেকোনো নাম ( He, She, They, it, Rahim, Karim) 

যেমন :

1. He said to me, “I am with you.” 

   »  He told me that he was with me. 

2. He said to me, “You are like me.” 

   »  He told me that I was like him. 

3. She said to me, “She is ready to help you.”

   »  She told me that she was ready to help me. 

Note: 

1st Person, Subject কে অনুসরণ করে। 

22d Person, Object কে অনুসরণ করে।

3rd Person, কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।

5. Subject-Objective-Possessive

Subject	Object	Possessive
I	me	my
You	you	your
We	us	our
She	her	her
He	him	his
They	Them	their
It	it	its

6. Adverbial Phrase Changing :

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Now (এখন)	Then
Here (এখানে)	There
This (এখন)	That
These (এগুলো)	Those
Ago (আগে)	Before
It (এটি)	It
Today (আজ)	That day
Yesterday (গতকাল)	The previous day
Tomorrow (আগামীকাল)	The next day/The following day

Sentence Narration

⚛ Exam এ সাধারণত Narration  “Passage” আকারে আসে। কিন্তু Passage Narration পারার জন্য Sentence Narration এ দক্ষতা অর্জন করা জরুরি। Sentence Narration না জানলে Passage Narration এ Problem হয়। তাই, আমরা প্রথম এ কিভাবে Sentence Narration করতে হয় তা শিখবো। 

Assertive Sentence

⏱⏱⏱ 

Reporting Verb এর পর Object না থাকলে Indirect Speech এ “Said” অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে + Inverted Comma উঠে that বসবে + Person ও Tense পরিবর্তন হবে + Extention (অতিরিক্ত অংশ) 

    যেমন :

♨Direct : Rafsan said, “I am reading a story book now.” 

♨Indirect : Rafsan said that he was reading a story book then. 

⏱⏱⏱

Reporting Verb এর পর Object থাকলে said to এর পরিবর্তে told ব্যবহৃত হবে + Inverted Comma উঠে that বসবে + Person ও Tense পরিবর্তন হবে + Extention (অতিরিক্ত অংশ)

    যেমন :

♨Direct : He said to me, “You are a good person.” 

♨Indirect : He said to me that i  was a good person.

⏱⏱⏱ 

Reporting Verb এর Tense যদি Present বা Future (say/says/will say) হয় তবে Reported Speech এর Verb এর Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না। 

    যেমন :

♨Direct : Emma says, “I didn't play today.” 

♨Indirect : Emma says that she didn't play that day. 

♨Direct : I say, “I hate corrupted people.” 

♨Indirect : I say that I hate corrupted people. 

♨Direct : He will say to her, “I will marry you next Friday.” 

♨Indirect : He will say to her that that he will marry her next Friday. 

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Reported Speech চিরন্তন সত্য হলে Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। শুধু Inverted Comma উঠে that বসে। 

    যেমন :

♨Direct : Teacher said to the students,“The earth moves round the sun.” 

♨Indirect : Teacher said to the students that the earth moves round the sun. 

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Reported Speech এ “Must” থাকলে এর পরিবর্তে had to বসে। কিন্তু Must দ্বারা যদি চিরন্তন সত্য বোঝায় তাহলে এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না। 

    যেমন :

♨Direct : Captain said to me soldiers, “You must attend the Fire Camp in time.” 

♨Indirect : Captain said to the soldiers that they must attend the Fire Camp in time. 

♨Direct : The Prophet said, “Man must die one day.” 

♨Indirect : The Prophet said that man must die one day. 

Interrogative Sentence

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◾Reporting Verb উঠে ask/asked বসবে। 

◾Reported Speech এ Wh-Question word না থাকলে Inverted Comma উঠে এর পরিবর্তে if/weather বসবে।

◾Reported Speech এ Wh-Question word থাকলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। 

    যেমন :

♨Direct : He said to me, “Do you want a Teddy Bear?” 

♨Indirect : She asked me if i wanted a Teddy Bear. 

♨Direct : Fardeen said to me, “Where did you go yesterday?” 

♨Indirect : Fardeen asked me where I had gone the previous day. 

Imperative Sentence

⏱⏱⏱ 

Imperative Sentence এ Reporting Verb “said/said to” এর পরিবর্তে - 

✌ অনুরোধ বোঝালে - requested 

✌ আদেশ বোঝালে - ordered/commanded 

✌ উপদেশ বোঝালে - advised 

✌ নিষেধ বোঝালে - forbade 

✌ ক্ষমা বোঝালে - begged বসে 

    +Inverted Comma উঠে to বসে + Verb এর Present Form + Extention ( অতিরিক্ত অংশ ) 

যেমন :

♨Direct : Father said to me, “Open the window.” 

♨Indirect : Father ordered me to open the window. 

⏱⏱⏱

Imperative Sentence টি Negative হলে - 

   ✈ to এর পরিবর্তে not to বসে।

   ✈ কিন্তু forbade লিখলে not to বসে না।

যেমন :

♨Direct : Mother said to me, “Do not run in the sun.” 

♨Indirect : Mother ordered me not to run in the sun. 

     or, Mother forbade me to run in the sun. 

⏱⏱⏱

Reported Speech এ let দ্বারা প্রস্তাব বোঝালে বা let us/let's থাকলে :

  ✈Let's বা let us এর পরিবর্তে proposed to বা suggested বসবে

  ✈Inverted Comma উঠে that বসবে

  ✈They/we এর সাথে should বসবে 

  ✈ Main verb to Extention

যেমন :

♨Direct : Rafsan said to us, “Let's go for a walk.”

♨Indirect : Rafsan proposed to us that we should go for a walk. 

Note: Reporting Verb এর আগে ও পরে I/me/we/us থাকলে subject We হয়, বাকি ক্ষেত্রে They হয়। 

যেমন :

♨Direct : Rafsan said to me, “Let's go for a long drive.”

♨Indirect : Rafsan proposed to me that we should go for a long drive.

⏱⏱⏱

Reported Speech এ Let এর পরে me/him/her/them ইত্যাদি থাকলে - 

    ✈ Said to এর পরিবর্তে told বসবে 

    ✈ Inverted Comma এর পরিবর্তে that বসবে 

    ✈ Let এর পরে me/him/her/them এর সাথে might বসবে 

    ✈ Verb এর Present Form + Extention (অতিরিক্ত অংশ) 

যেমন :

♨Direct : He said to me, “Let me try it again.” 

♨Indirect : He told me that he might try it again. 

Optative Sentence

⏱⏱⏱ 

Optative Sentence এ - 

  ✈ Inverted Comma উঠে that বসবে 

  ✈ say / says/ said to এর পরিবর্তে wish/ wishes/ wished or pray/prays/prayed বসবে 

  ✈ Reported Speech এর Subject + might 

  ✈ Verb এর Present Form + Extention (অতিরিক্ত অংশ) 

যেমন :

♨Direct :Rahat said to me, “May you be happy.” 

♨Indirect : Rahat prayed that I might be happy. 

⏱⏱⏱

এছাড়াও Optative Sentence এ, 

Would that থাকলে - Wished/Prayed 

Good Morning/Evening থাকলে - Wished 

Good Night/Good Bye থাকলে - Bade

**কারো জন্য নেতিবাচক প্রার্থনা করলে - Cursed ব্যবহার করবো।

যেমন :

♨ Direct : He said, “Would that I were young again.” 

♨ Indirect : He Prayed that he would be young again. 

♨ Direct : He said, “Good Evening teacher.” 

♨ Indirect : He wished good evening to the teacher. 

♨ Direct : He said to me, “Good Night.”

♨ Indirect : He bade me good night. 

♨ Direct : She said to her neighbour, “May you die soon.”

♨ Indirect : She cursed her neighbour  that he/she might die soon.

More Examples of Optative Sentence for Practice :

Direct : I said to him, “May you get well soon.”

Indirect : I prayed him to get well soon.

Direct : She said, “May God be on your side”

Indirect : She prayed that God might be on my side.

Direct : Old man said, “would that I were young again”

Indirect : Old man wished that he were young again.

Direct : He said, “Good morning sir.”

Indirect : She wished good morning to her teacher.

Direct : She said, “May God bless her soul.”

Indirect : She prayed that God might bless her soul. 

Direct: I said to him, “May you get well soon.” 

Indirect: I prayed him that I might get well soon. 

  or, I prayed him to get well soon.

Direct : He said to me, "May you get success in exam!"

Indirect : He prayed me that I might get success in exam. 

Direct : He said, “May the king of Baghdad live long!

Indirect : He prayed that the king of Baghdad might live long. 

Direct : He said to me, “May you be successful enough to buy love.”

Indirect : He prayed me that I might be successful enough to buy love. 

Direct : He said, “May your team win the match.”

Indirect : He prayed that my team might win the match. 

Direct : Teacher said to me, “May you get success in life.” 

Indirect : Teacher wished that I might get success in life.

Direct : She said to her neighbour, “May you die soon.” 

Indirect : She cursed her neighbour  that he/she might die soon.

Direct : My friend said, “May God help you.” 

Indirect : My friend prayed that God might help me.

Direct : I said to her, “You be happy in your life.” 

Indirect : I wished her that she might be happy in her life.

Direct : The old man said, “Long live the king.” 

Indirect : The old man prayed that the king might live long.

Direct :The Prime Minister said, “Long live our Democracy.” 

Indirect : The Prime Minister wished that their democracy might live long.

Direct : I said,“May her soul live in peace.” 

Indirect : I prayed that her soul might live in peace.

Exclamatory Sentence

⏱⏱⏱ 

Exclamatory Sentence এ Reporting Verb Indirect Speech এ পরিবর্তিত হবে নিম্নলিখিত উপায়ে - 

✈ আনন্দ বোঝাতে - exclaim with joy 

✈ দুঃখ বোঝাতে - exclaim with sorrow/grief 

✈ শুভেচ্ছা বোঝাতে - wish

✈ বিস্ময় বোঝাতে - exclaim with surprise 

✈ তাৎক্ষনিক আবেগ বোঝাতে - exclaim with wonder 

যেমন :

♨ Direct : He said, “Hurrah! we have won the league.” 

♨ Indirect : He exclaimed with joy that they had won the league. 

⏱⏱⏱

Reported Speech যদি How/What দ্বারা শুরু হয় - 

✈ প্রথমে Reported Speech এর Subject + Verb বসে, তারপর 

✈ ঐ বাক্যে যদি একটি Adjective থাকে তবে 

✈ ঐ বাক্যে যদি Adjective না থেকে Noun থাকে তবে great বসে। 

যেমন :

♨ Direct : He said, “How beautiful the sky is!” 

♨ Indirect : He exclaimed with surprise that the sky was very beautiful. 

♨ Direct : He, said, “What a fool you are!” 

♨ Indirect : He exclaimed with wonder that you were a great fool. 

Homework Exercises

1. He said, “Alas! I could not be at her funeral.” 

2. He said, “Hush! Your father is sleeping.” 

3. He said to me, “What a boring day!” 

4. He said, “How disgusting it becomes when he opens his mouth!” 

5. They said, “What a nice car you have!” 

6. She said, “What a plunge!” 

7. She said to her friend, “How gorgeous the dress is!” 

8. Rahat said, “Hurrah! We are going to Miami.” 

9. Emma said, “How blessed I am to see such a sight!” 

10. The Foreigner said, “What a beautiful country it is!” 

11. Nafeez said, “How fluently the lady talks in English!” 

How to Solve Passage Narration

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সর্বপ্রথম, Passage টি A to Z ভালোভাবে পড়ে Speaker (বক্তা) এবং Listener (শ্রোতা) খুঁজে বের করতে হবে। 

⏱⏱⏱

Reporting Verb টি মাঝে বা শেষে যেখানেই থাকুক না কেন, Indirect করার সময় তাকে Sentence এর শুরুতে নিয়ে আসতে হবে। যেমন :

♨Direct : “Your behaviour is impressive.” Nafisa said to the doctor. 

♨Indirect : Nafisa told the doctor that his behaviour was impressive. 

⏱⏱⏱

পরপর দুটি বা তিনটি উক্তি থাকলে :

1. Assertive Sentence :

Subject + ( added that / also said that / again said that / further told) ব্যবহার করতে হবে। 

2. Interrogative Sentence :

Subject + (also asked / again asked) ব্যবহার করতে হবে। 

3. Imperative Sentence :

Subject + (also advised / again asked) 

যেমন :

♨Direct : He said to me, “I need your help. I will help you in future. Will you be able to help me?”

♨Indirect : He told me that he need my help. He also said/added that he will help me in future. He also asked me if i would be able to help him. 

Some Extra Information

কিছু অতিরিক্ত তথ্য

1. Yes = replied in the affirmative and said that… 

2. No = replied in the negative and said that… 

3. Dear friend/brother/sister = Addressing + object + as Dear friend/brother/sister অথবা 

    Addressing as Dear friend/brother/sister

4. Sir/Madam = Addressing as Sir/Madam অথবা 

respectfully/politely + reporting verb 

5. Sure = Giving assurance, (he said/told that…) 

6. By Allah/God = Swearing by Allah/God

7. Thank you = Thakn(ed) 

8. Hi/Hello = Greet(ed) 

9. Good Morning/Afternoon/evening = wish(ed) + good Morning/Afternoon/evening

10. Happy Birthday/Anniversary/New year = wish(ed) + Happy Birthday/Anniversary/New

11. Bye/Good bye/Good night = bid(bade) 

12. Sorry = Apologise

Sample Question:

Q. Change the narrative style of the following text.

The teacher said to the student. "Adorable boy, do you like to go on a study tour? Your appearance deserves this." “Yes," said the student. "Take the permission from

your parents." he said. One of the students said, "Where will we go, sir. Is it very far away?" “It will be decided after a discussion" said the teacher.

Solution : 

Addressing as adorable boy, the teacher asked the student if he(s) liked to go on a study tour. He also said that his appearance deserved that. The student replied in the

affirmative. Then the teacher advised him to take the permission from his parents. One of the students respectfully asked him (T) where they would go. He also asked him if it was far away. Then the teacher replied that it would be decided after a discussion.